They determine how to address the other computer, establish communication links, handle the networking of messages, and generally control the session. Transport layer (layer 4) Protocols at this level provide the point-to-point integrity of data transmissions. For example, the common ping command, used to determine whether an IP or host name is online, is an ICMP command. ICMP is the management protocol for TCP/IP and is often the source of security issues network hackers use it to select targets and determine network level information about these targets. Some of its functions include announcing network errors and congestion, troubleshooting, and reporting timeouts. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): The ICMP is tightly integrated with the IP protocol. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): If ARP translates an IP address to a MAC address, then RARP translates hardware interface (MAC) addresses to IP protocol addresses. Thus, ARP and RARP (covered next) exist to help with network addressing tasks. MAC addresses are much longer numbers than IP addresses, and humans tend to work better with IP addresses than with MAC addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): ARP matches an IP address to an Ethernet address, which is a physical device (network adapter) that has a unique media access control (MAC) address assigned by the manufacturer of the device.
Outgoing data packets have the originator's IP address and the IP address of the recipient. The IP address assists with the routing of information across the Internet. Routers and bridge routers (brouters) are among the network hardware devices that function at layer 3 Network (Internet) Layer protocols: Internet Protocol: The protocol of protocols, IP addresses are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority to each host computer on the network. 802.11 wireless LANs operate at Layer 2 and Layer 1 Network layer (layer 3) decides how small bundles, or packets, of data route between destination systems on the same network or interconnected networks. Protocols at this level establish communication links between devices over a physical link(physical devices) or channel, converting data into bit streams for delivery to the lowest layer, the Physical Layer. Data Link Layer (layer 2) transfers units of information to the other end of the physical link. The High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) is one example of a standard interface working at the Physical Layer level. It sends bit streams across the network to another device and receives a bit stream response in return.
This layer has the fewest tasks to perform.
They manage the interfaces of physical devices with physical transmission media, such as coax cable. Physical layer (layer 1) transmit bit streams on a physical medium.
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